Rhetorical Synthesis practice questions

Rhetorical Synthesis questions

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1. 1Rhetorical synthesisFoundation

   Notes: The Northside Trail is 3 miles long. It opened in 2021. It connects two public parks. A student wants to emphasize the trail's connection between recreation spaces. Which sentence best uses the notes?Notes: The Northside Trail is 3 miles long. It opened in 2021. It connects two public parks. A student wants to emphasize the trail's connection between recreation spaces. Which sentence best uses the notes?

   • APublic parks are often open during the day.Public parks are often open during the day.
   • BThe Northside Trail is a very interesting place to visit.The Northside Trail is a very interesting place to visit.
   • CThe Northside Trail, which opened in 2021, connects two public parks.The Northside Trail, which opened in 2021, connects two public parks.
   • DIn 2021, many trails were built in different cities.In 2021, many trails were built in different cities.
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   Answer: The Northside Trail, which opened in 2021, connects two public parks.The Northside Trail, which opened in 2021, connects two public parks.

   This sentence directly states the requested connection and accurately includes a relevant supporting detail from the notes.This sentence directly states the requested connection and accurately includes a relevant supporting detail from the notes.

   How did you do?Got itMissed it
2. 2Rhetorical synthesisFoundation

   Notes: The Riverside cleanup collected 340 pounds of litter. Volunteers worked for three hours on Saturday. The event involved 46 volunteers. A student wants to emphasize volunteer participation. Which sentence best uses the notes?Notes: The Riverside cleanup collected 340 pounds of litter. Volunteers worked for three hours on Saturday. The event involved 46 volunteers. A student wants to emphasize volunteer participation. Which sentence best uses the notes?

   • AForty-six volunteers took part in Saturday's three-hour Riverside cleanup.Forty-six volunteers took part in Saturday's three-hour Riverside cleanup.
   • BLitter is a problem in many communities.Litter is a problem in many communities.
   • CThe Riverside cleanup was the best event of the year.The Riverside cleanup was the best event of the year.
   • DVolunteers collected litter in several different ways.Volunteers collected litter in several different ways.
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   Answer: Forty-six volunteers took part in Saturday's three-hour Riverside cleanup.Forty-six volunteers took part in Saturday's three-hour Riverside cleanup.

   The sentence centers the requested participation statistic and includes a relevant time detail without making an unsupported evaluation.The sentence centers the requested participation statistic and includes a relevant time detail without making an unsupported evaluation.

   How did you do?Got itMissed it
3. 3Rhetorical synthesisFoundation

   Notes: The Harbor Reading Room opened in 2019. It holds 8,000 volumes. It is open on weekends. It hosts a weekly children's hour. The student wants to introduce the reading room to readers who have not heard of it. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: The Harbor Reading Room opened in 2019. It holds 8,000 volumes. It is open on weekends. It hosts a weekly children's hour. The student wants to introduce the reading room to readers who have not heard of it. Which choice best uses the notes?

   • AIn 2019, several new libraries opened across the region.In 2019, several new libraries opened across the region.
   • BThe children's hour at the Harbor Reading Room takes place once a week.The children's hour at the Harbor Reading Room takes place once a week.
   • CThe Harbor Reading Room, open since 2019, holds 8,000 volumes and welcomes visitors on weekends.The Harbor Reading Room, open since 2019, holds 8,000 volumes and welcomes visitors on weekends.
   • DReading rooms are found in many towns along the coast.Reading rooms are found in many towns along the coast.
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   Answer: The Harbor Reading Room, open since 2019, holds 8,000 volumes and welcomes visitors on weekends.The Harbor Reading Room, open since 2019, holds 8,000 volumes and welcomes visitors on weekends.

   An introduction needs the basic identifying facts, which this choice supplies from the notes. The others narrow to one program or drift to claims the notes do not contain.An introduction needs the basic identifying facts, which this choice supplies from the notes. The others narrow to one program or drift to claims the notes do not contain.

   How did you do?Got itMissed it
4. 4Rhetorical synthesisFoundation

   Notes: The Thornbury Choir has 45 members. It rehearses on Wednesdays. It was founded in 1998. It sings mostly unaccompanied music. The student wants to introduce the choir to a reader who has not heard of it. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: The Thornbury Choir has 45 members. It rehearses on Wednesdays. It was founded in 1998. It sings mostly unaccompanied music. The student wants to introduce the choir to a reader who has not heard of it. Which choice best uses the notes?

   • AThe Thornbury Choir rehearses on Wednesdays.The Thornbury Choir rehearses on Wednesdays.
   • BUnaccompanied singing requires careful tuning.Unaccompanied singing requires careful tuning.
   • CMany choirs were founded in the late 1990s.Many choirs were founded in the late 1990s.
   • DFounded in 1998, the Thornbury Choir has 45 members and sings mostly unaccompanied music.Founded in 1998, the Thornbury Choir has 45 members and sings mostly unaccompanied music.
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   Answer: Founded in 1998, the Thornbury Choir has 45 members and sings mostly unaccompanied music.Founded in 1998, the Thornbury Choir has 45 members and sings mostly unaccompanied music.

   An introduction needs the identifying facts, which this choice takes directly from the notes. The others narrow to a rehearsal detail or wander into claims the notes do not contain.An introduction needs the identifying facts, which this choice takes directly from the notes. The others narrow to a rehearsal detail or wander into claims the notes do not contain.

   How did you do?Got itMissed it
5. 5Rhetorical synthesisStandard

   Notes: A survey of 600 residents found that 72% wanted more street trees. The survey was conducted in April 2024. A writer wants to report the result precisely. Which sentence best uses the notes?Notes: A survey of 600 residents found that 72% wanted more street trees. The survey was conducted in April 2024. A writer wants to report the result precisely. Which sentence best uses the notes?

   • AIn an April 2024 survey of 600 residents, 72% said they wanted more street trees.In an April 2024 survey of 600 residents, 72% said they wanted more street trees.
   • BStreet trees have existed for many years.Street trees have existed for many years.
   • CMost people enjoy trees in all circumstances.Most people enjoy trees in all circumstances.
   • DResidents gave several different answers in a survey.Residents gave several different answers in a survey.
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   Answer: In an April 2024 survey of 600 residents, 72% said they wanted more street trees.In an April 2024 survey of 600 residents, 72% said they wanted more street trees.

   The choice preserves the sample size, date, topic, and percentage without adding an unsupported generalization.The choice preserves the sample size, date, topic, and percentage without adding an unsupported generalization.

   How did you do?Got itMissed it
6. 6Rhetorical synthesisStandard

   Notes: Composer Elena Ruiz wrote a string quartet in 2018. The piece was first performed by the Harbor Quartet. The performance took place in Seattle. A student wants to identify the premiere. Which sentence best uses the notes?Notes: Composer Elena Ruiz wrote a string quartet in 2018. The piece was first performed by the Harbor Quartet. The performance took place in Seattle. A student wants to identify the premiere. Which sentence best uses the notes?

   • AElena Ruiz's 2018 string quartet premiered in Seattle, performed by the Harbor Quartet.Elena Ruiz's 2018 string quartet premiered in Seattle, performed by the Harbor Quartet.
   • BThe Harbor Quartet performed many pieces in 2018.The Harbor Quartet performed many pieces in 2018.
   • CString quartets are performed by four musicians.String quartets are performed by four musicians.
   • DElena Ruiz enjoys visiting Seattle whenever possible.Elena Ruiz enjoys visiting Seattle whenever possible.
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   Answer: Elena Ruiz's 2018 string quartet premiered in Seattle, performed by the Harbor Quartet.Elena Ruiz's 2018 string quartet premiered in Seattle, performed by the Harbor Quartet.

   The sentence gives the work, year, location, and performers, precisely identifying the premiere from the notes.The sentence gives the work, year, location, and performers, precisely identifying the premiere from the notes.

   How did you do?Got itMissed it
7. 7Rhetorical synthesisStandard

   Notes: The Fairview Bridge opened in 1936. It is 420 feet long. It closed for repairs in 2023. It reopened in 2025 with a widened walkway. The student wants to emphasize what changed during the repairs. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: The Fairview Bridge opened in 1936. It is 420 feet long. It closed for repairs in 2023. It reopened in 2025 with a widened walkway. The student wants to emphasize what changed during the repairs. Which choice best uses the notes?

   • AWhen the Fairview Bridge reopened in 2025 after two years of repairs, it carried a widened walkway.When the Fairview Bridge reopened in 2025 after two years of repairs, it carried a widened walkway.
   • BThe Fairview Bridge, which opened in 1936, is 420 feet long.The Fairview Bridge, which opened in 1936, is 420 feet long.
   • CThe Fairview Bridge closed for repairs in 2023.The Fairview Bridge closed for repairs in 2023.
   • DOpened in 1936, the Fairview Bridge is a 420-foot crossing.Opened in 1936, the Fairview Bridge is a 420-foot crossing.
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   Answer: When the Fairview Bridge reopened in 2025 after two years of repairs, it carried a widened walkway.When the Fairview Bridge reopened in 2025 after two years of repairs, it carried a widened walkway.

   Only this choice names the alteration the repairs produced. The others are accurate but report the bridge's age, length, or closure rather than what changed.Only this choice names the alteration the repairs produced. The others are accurate but report the bridge's age, length, or closure rather than what changed.

   How did you do?Got itMissed it
8. 8Rhetorical synthesisStandard

   Notes: A community orchard was planted in 2017. It has 62 trees. In 2024 it produced 900 kilograms of fruit. All of the fruit is donated to a local food bank. The student wants to emphasize the orchard's contribution to the food bank. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: A community orchard was planted in 2017. It has 62 trees. In 2024 it produced 900 kilograms of fruit. All of the fruit is donated to a local food bank. The student wants to emphasize the orchard's contribution to the food bank. Which choice best uses the notes?

   • AThe orchard produced 900 kilograms of fruit in 2024.The orchard produced 900 kilograms of fruit in 2024.
   • BThe community orchard was planted in 2017 and now has 62 trees.The community orchard was planted in 2017 and now has 62 trees.
   • CIn 2024 the orchard's 62 trees produced 900 kilograms of fruit, all of it donated to a local food bank.In 2024 the orchard's 62 trees produced 900 kilograms of fruit, all of it donated to a local food bank.
   • DA local food bank operates near the community orchard.A local food bank operates near the community orchard.
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   Answer: In 2024 the orchard's 62 trees produced 900 kilograms of fruit, all of it donated to a local food bank.In 2024 the orchard's 62 trees produced 900 kilograms of fruit, all of it donated to a local food bank.

   Emphasizing a contribution requires both the quantity and its destination. The other choices give the orchard's age, its yield alone, or a fact about proximity that the notes do not support.Emphasizing a contribution requires both the quantity and its destination. The other choices give the orchard's age, its yield alone, or a fact about proximity that the notes do not support.

   How did you do?Got itMissed it
9. 9Rhetorical synthesisStandard

   Notes: A bridge carries 12,000 vehicles daily. It was built in 1958. A weight limit was introduced in 2023. Engineers found corrosion in two support beams. The student wants to explain why the weight limit was introduced. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: A bridge carries 12,000 vehicles daily. It was built in 1958. A weight limit was introduced in 2023. Engineers found corrosion in two support beams. The student wants to explain why the weight limit was introduced. Which choice best uses the notes?

   • AThe bridge has carried traffic since 1958.The bridge has carried traffic since 1958.
   • BThe bridge, built in 1958, carries 12,000 vehicles daily.The bridge, built in 1958, carries 12,000 vehicles daily.
   • CA weight limit was introduced on the bridge in 2023.A weight limit was introduced on the bridge in 2023.
   • DA weight limit was introduced in 2023 after engineers found corrosion in two support beams.A weight limit was introduced in 2023 after engineers found corrosion in two support beams.
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   Answer: A weight limit was introduced in 2023 after engineers found corrosion in two support beams.A weight limit was introduced in 2023 after engineers found corrosion in two support beams.

   Explaining why requires the limit and its cause in one sentence. The others give the limit without a reason, or facts unrelated to it.Explaining why requires the limit and its cause in one sentence. The others give the limit without a reason, or facts unrelated to it.

   How did you do?Got itMissed it
10. 10Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    Notes: A observatory opened to the public in 2015. It receives 12,000 visitors a year. Its telescope was built in 1932. It runs free evening sessions. The student wants to introduce the observatory to a reader who has not heard of it. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: A observatory opened to the public in 2015. It receives 12,000 visitors a year. Its telescope was built in 1932. It runs free evening sessions. The student wants to introduce the observatory to a reader who has not heard of it. Which choice best uses the notes?

    • AOpen to the public since 2015, the observatory houses a telescope built in 1932 and receives 12,000 visitors a year.Open to the public since 2015, the observatory houses a telescope built in 1932 and receives 12,000 visitors a year.
    • BIn 2015, several observatories opened to the public.In 2015, several observatories opened to the public.
    • CThe observatory runs free evening sessions.The observatory runs free evening sessions.
    • DTelescopes built in the 1930s are still in use at several sites.Telescopes built in the 1930s are still in use at several sites.
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    Answer: Open to the public since 2015, the observatory houses a telescope built in 1932 and receives 12,000 visitors a year.Open to the public since 2015, the observatory houses a telescope built in 1932 and receives 12,000 visitors a year.

    An introduction needs the identifying facts, which this choice draws from the notes. The others narrow to one program or drift into claims the notes do not support.An introduction needs the identifying facts, which this choice draws from the notes. The others narrow to one program or drift into claims the notes do not support.

    How did you do?Got itMissed it
11. 11Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    Notes: A community garden began in 2018. It has 40 plots. It runs a seed swap each spring. It is maintained entirely by volunteers. The student wants to introduce the garden to a reader who has not heard of it. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: A community garden began in 2018. It has 40 plots. It runs a seed swap each spring. It is maintained entirely by volunteers. The student wants to introduce the garden to a reader who has not heard of it. Which choice best uses the notes?

    • AIn 2018, several gardens opened across the region.In 2018, several gardens opened across the region.
    • BCommunity gardens have become common in many towns.Community gardens have become common in many towns.
    • CThe garden runs a seed swap each spring.The garden runs a seed swap each spring.
    • DStarted in 2018 and maintained entirely by volunteers, the community garden has 40 plots.Started in 2018 and maintained entirely by volunteers, the community garden has 40 plots.
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    Answer: Started in 2018 and maintained entirely by volunteers, the community garden has 40 plots.Started in 2018 and maintained entirely by volunteers, the community garden has 40 plots.

    An introduction needs the identifying facts, which this choice takes from the notes. The others narrow to one event or drift to claims the notes do not contain.An introduction needs the identifying facts, which this choice takes from the notes. The others narrow to one event or drift to claims the notes do not contain.

    How did you do?Got itMissed it
12. 12Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    While researching a former mill, a student has taken these notes:•The mill closed in 1962.•At its peak it employed 1,100 people.•The building was converted into flats in 2004.•340 people live in it now.The student wants to emphasize how the building's use has changed. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While researching a former mill, a student has taken these notes: - The mill closed in 1962. - At its peak it employed 1,100 people. - The building was converted into flats in 2004. - 340 people live in it now. The student wants to emphasize how the building's use has changed. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AThe mill, which closed in 1962, employed 1,100 people at its peak.The mill, which closed in 1962, employed 1,100 people at its peak.
    • BIn 2004 the mill building was converted into flats.In 2004 the mill building was converted into flats.
    • CA building that once employed 1,100 people is now home to 340.A building that once employed 1,100 people is now home to 340.
    • DThe mill closed in 1962 and stood empty for four decades.The mill closed in 1962 and stood empty for four decades.
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    Answer: A building that once employed 1,100 people is now home to 340.A building that once employed 1,100 people is now home to 340.

    Only one choice puts the old use beside the new one, which is what emphasizing a change requires. The first two give a single use each, and the fourth adds a fact the notes do not contain: they record a closure and a conversion, not what happened in between.Only one choice puts the old use beside the new one, which is what emphasizing a change requires. The first two give a single use each, and the fourth adds a fact the notes do not contain: they record a closure and a conversion, not what happened in between.

    How did you do?Got itMissed it
13. 13Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    While researching a suspension bridge, a student has taken these notes:•The bridge opened in 1826.•At 176 m it was then the longest suspension span in the world.•The longest suspension span today is 2,023 m.•The 1826 bridge still carries traffic.The student wants to emphasize the bridge's durability. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While researching a suspension bridge, a student has taken these notes: - The bridge opened in 1826. - At 176 m it was then the longest suspension span in the world. - The longest suspension span today is 2,023 m. - The 1826 bridge still carries traffic. The student wants to emphasize the bridge's durability. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AWhen it opened in 1826 the bridge was the longest suspension span in the world.When it opened in 1826 the bridge was the longest suspension span in the world.
    • BThe longest suspension span today is 2,023 m, more than ten times the 1826 span.The longest suspension span today is 2,023 m, more than ten times the 1826 span.
    • CThe bridge that opened in 1826 still carries traffic two centuries later.The bridge that opened in 1826 still carries traffic two centuries later.
    • DAt 176 m, the bridge was a record-breaking span in 1826.At 176 m, the bridge was a record-breaking span in 1826.
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    Answer: The bridge that opened in 1826 still carries traffic two centuries later.The bridge that opened in 1826 still carries traffic two centuries later.

    Durability is about lasting, so the note that does the work is the one about traffic today, paired with the opening date. The other three are about the record, which is a claim about size rather than about survival.Durability is about lasting, so the note that does the work is the one about traffic today, paired with the opening date. The other three are about the record, which is a claim about size rather than about survival.

    How did you do?Got itMissed it
14. 14Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    A student is working from these notes:•The bridge opened in 1826.•At 176 m it was then the longest suspension span in the world.•The longest suspension span today is 2,023 m.•The 1826 bridge still carries traffic.This time the student wants to emphasize how much the scale of suspension bridges has changed. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?A student is working from these notes: - The bridge opened in 1826. - At 176 m it was then the longest suspension span in the world. - The longest suspension span today is 2,023 m. - The 1826 bridge still carries traffic. This time the student wants to emphasize how much the scale of suspension bridges has changed. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AThe bridge opened in 1826 and still carries traffic.The bridge opened in 1826 and still carries traffic.
    • BThe bridge was the longest suspension span in the world when it opened.The bridge was the longest suspension span in the world when it opened.
    • CSuspension bridges have been built for two hundred years.Suspension bridges have been built for two hundred years.
    • DThe record span of 176 m set in 1826 is under a tenth of today's longest, at 2,023 m.The record span of 176 m set in 1826 is under a tenth of today's longest, at 2,023 m.
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    Answer: The record span of 176 m set in 1826 is under a tenth of today's longest, at 2,023 m.The record span of 176 m set in 1826 is under a tenth of today's longest, at 2,023 m.

    A change in scale needs both figures and the relation between them, which only one choice supplies. Note that the same notes served a different goal a moment ago: what makes a choice best is the goal, not the notes.A change in scale needs both figures and the relation between them, which only one choice supplies. Note that the same notes served a different goal a moment ago: what makes a choice best is the goal, not the notes.

    How did you do?Got itMissed it
15. 15Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    While researching a river gauge, a student has taken these notes:•The gauge has recorded river levels since 1893.•The highest level recorded is 4.7 m, in 1947.•The second highest is 4.6 m, in 2020.•No records exist for this river before 1893.The student wants to caution against calling the 2020 flood unprecedented. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While researching a river gauge, a student has taken these notes: - The gauge has recorded river levels since 1893. - The highest level recorded is 4.7 m, in 1947. - The second highest is 4.6 m, in 2020. - No records exist for this river before 1893. The student wants to caution against calling the 2020 flood unprecedented. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AThe river reached 4.6 m in 2020.The river reached 4.6 m in 2020.
    • BThe gauge has been recording levels since 1893.The gauge has been recording levels since 1893.
    • CThe 2020 level of 4.6 m was exceeded in 1947, and nothing is known about the years before 1893.The 2020 level of 4.6 m was exceeded in 1947, and nothing is known about the years before 1893.
    • DThe highest level ever recorded was 4.7 m in 1947.The highest level ever recorded was 4.7 m in 1947.
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    Answer: The 2020 level of 4.6 m was exceeded in 1947, and nothing is known about the years before 1893.The 2020 level of 4.6 m was exceeded in 1947, and nothing is known about the years before 1893.

    Two things undercut "unprecedented": a higher level inside the record, and a record that does not go back far. Only one choice carries both, and either alone leaves the claim half-standing.Two things undercut "unprecedented": a higher level inside the record, and a record that does not go back far. Only one choice carries both, and either alone leaves the claim half-standing.

    How did you do?Got itMissed it
16. 16Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    While writing about a dialect survey, a student has taken these notes:•The survey recorded speakers in 313 locations.•Fieldwork ran from 1950 to 1961.•Most informants were over 60.•The aim was to record forms thought to be disappearing.The student wants to explain why the informants were mostly elderly. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a dialect survey, a student has taken these notes: - The survey recorded speakers in 313 locations. - Fieldwork ran from 1950 to 1961. - Most informants were over 60. - The aim was to record forms thought to be disappearing. The student wants to explain why the informants were mostly elderly. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AThe survey visited 313 locations between 1950 and 1961.The survey visited 313 locations between 1950 and 1961.
    • BBecause the aim was to record forms thought to be vanishing, fieldworkers sought out speakers over 60.Because the aim was to record forms thought to be vanishing, fieldworkers sought out speakers over 60.
    • CMost of the survey's informants were over 60 years old.Most of the survey's informants were over 60 years old.
    • DFieldwork for the survey ran for eleven years.Fieldwork for the survey ran for eleven years.
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    Answer: Because the aim was to record forms thought to be vanishing, fieldworkers sought out speakers over 60.Because the aim was to record forms thought to be vanishing, fieldworkers sought out speakers over 60.

    An explanation joins the fact to its reason, and the reason here is the survey's purpose. Restating the age of the informants describes what is to be explained without explaining it.An explanation joins the fact to its reason, and the reason here is the survey's purpose. Restating the age of the informants describes what is to be explained without explaining it.

    How did you do?Got itMissed it
17. 17Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    While writing about a moth survey, a student has taken these notes:•The survey has run every July since 1968.•It uses the same trap design at the same 12 sites.•Catch numbers have fallen by 63 percent.•Neighboring land use has changed considerably over the period.The student wants to explain why the survey's figures are worth taking seriously. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a moth survey, a student has taken these notes: - The survey has run every July since 1968. - It uses the same trap design at the same 12 sites. - Catch numbers have fallen by 63 percent. - Neighboring land use has changed considerably over the period. The student wants to explain why the survey's figures are worth taking seriously. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • ACatch numbers in the survey have fallen by 63 percent since 1968.Catch numbers in the survey have fallen by 63 percent since 1968.
    • BThe survey has been running for more than fifty years.The survey has been running for more than fifty years.
    • CBecause the survey has used the same traps at the same 12 sites every July since 1968, its 63 percent fall is a like-for-like comparison.Because the survey has used the same traps at the same 12 sites every July since 1968, its 63 percent fall is a like-for-like comparison.
    • DLand use around the survey sites has changed considerably.Land use around the survey sites has changed considerably.
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    Answer: Because the survey has used the same traps at the same 12 sites every July since 1968, its 63 percent fall is a like-for-like comparison.Because the survey has used the same traps at the same 12 sites every July since 1968, its 63 percent fall is a like-for-like comparison.

    What makes a long series trustworthy is that the method did not change, so the sentence has to join the constancy to the finding. Length alone is not the argument, and the figure alone is what needs supporting.What makes a long series trustworthy is that the method did not change, so the sentence has to join the constancy to the finding. Length alone is not the argument, and the figure alone is what needs supporting.

    How did you do?Got itMissed it
18. 18Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    While writing about a coastal path, a student has taken these notes:•The path runs for 47 miles.•9 miles were rerouted inland after cliff falls in 2020.•The rerouted section adds 200 meters of climbing.•Walkers can complete the path in four days.The student wants to warn readers planning the walk about the change. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a coastal path, a student has taken these notes: - The path runs for 47 miles. - 9 miles were rerouted inland after cliff falls in 2020. - The rerouted section adds 200 meters of climbing. - Walkers can complete the path in four days. The student wants to warn readers planning the walk about the change. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • ANine of the 47 miles now run inland, adding 200 meters of climbing to the walk.Nine of the 47 miles now run inland, adding 200 meters of climbing to the walk.
    • BThe coastal path runs for 47 miles and can be walked in four days.The coastal path runs for 47 miles and can be walked in four days.
    • CCliff falls in 2020 led to part of the path being rerouted.Cliff falls in 2020 led to part of the path being rerouted.
    • DThe path was rerouted inland in 2020.The path was rerouted inland in 2020.
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    Answer: Nine of the 47 miles now run inland, adding 200 meters of climbing to the walk.Nine of the 47 miles now run inland, adding 200 meters of climbing to the walk.

    A warning has to say what the change costs the walker, and only one choice gives both the extent and the effort. The others report that a reroute happened without saying what it means for a planned walk.A warning has to say what the change costs the walker, and only one choice gives both the extent and the effort. The others report that a reroute happened without saying what it means for a planned walk.

    How did you do?Got itMissed it
19. 19Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    While writing about a rescued archive, a student has taken these notes:•The archive holds 40,000 photographic negatives.•It was found in a skip in 2004.•6,000 negatives have been scanned.•Scanning is done by two volunteers.The student wants to convey the scale of the work still to do. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a rescued archive, a student has taken these notes: - The archive holds 40,000 photographic negatives. - It was found in a skip in 2004. - 6,000 negatives have been scanned. - Scanning is done by two volunteers. The student wants to convey the scale of the work still to do. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AThe archive was found in a skip in 2004.The archive was found in a skip in 2004.
    • BThe archive holds 40,000 photographic negatives.The archive holds 40,000 photographic negatives.
    • CTwo volunteers have scanned 6,000 of the archive's 40,000 negatives.Two volunteers have scanned 6,000 of the archive's 40,000 negatives.
    • DSix thousand negatives from the archive have been scanned.Six thousand negatives from the archive have been scanned.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: Two volunteers have scanned 6,000 of the archive's 40,000 negatives.Two volunteers have scanned 6,000 of the archive's 40,000 negatives.

    Scale needs the fraction and the size of the team in one sentence: 6,000 of 40,000, done by two people. Either number alone leaves the remaining work invisible.Scale needs the fraction and the size of the team in one sentence: 6,000 of 40,000, done by two people. Either number alone leaves the remaining work invisible.

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20. 20Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    While writing about a footpath survey, a student has taken these notes:•The county has 3,100 miles of public footpath.•480 miles were found obstructed.•The survey was carried out by 60 volunteers over two summers.•Obstructions include locked gates, plowing and fallen trees.The student wants to state the survey's central finding. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a footpath survey, a student has taken these notes: - The county has 3,100 miles of public footpath. - 480 miles were found obstructed. - The survey was carried out by 60 volunteers over two summers. - Obstructions include locked gates, plowing and fallen trees. The student wants to state the survey's central finding. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AThe survey found 480 of the county's 3,100 miles of footpath obstructed.The survey found 480 of the county's 3,100 miles of footpath obstructed.
    • BSixty volunteers surveyed the county's footpaths over two summers.Sixty volunteers surveyed the county's footpaths over two summers.
    • CObstructions include locked gates, plowing and fallen trees.Obstructions include locked gates, plowing and fallen trees.
    • DThe county has 3,100 miles of public footpath.The county has 3,100 miles of public footpath.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: The survey found 480 of the county's 3,100 miles of footpath obstructed.The survey found 480 of the county's 3,100 miles of footpath obstructed.

    A central finding is what the survey discovered, stated against the total that makes it meaningful. Who did it, how long it took and what counts as an obstruction are all method rather than result.A central finding is what the survey discovered, stated against the total that makes it meaningful. Who did it, how long it took and what counts as an obstruction are all method rather than result.

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21. 21Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    While writing about a river restoration, a student has taken these notes:•The river was straightened in 1962.•Meanders were reinstated along 3 km in 2018.•Otters returned to the stretch in 2021.•Otters were already present upstream.The student wants to report the otters' return without overstating what it shows. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a river restoration, a student has taken these notes: - The river was straightened in 1962. - Meanders were reinstated along 3 km in 2018. - Otters returned to the stretch in 2021. - Otters were already present upstream. The student wants to report the otters' return without overstating what it shows. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AOtters returned to the restored stretch in 2021, three years after the meanders were reinstated.Otters returned to the restored stretch in 2021, three years after the meanders were reinstated.
    • BThe restoration brought otters back to the river.The restoration brought otters back to the river.
    • COtters returned to the restored stretch in 2021, having been present upstream throughout.Otters returned to the restored stretch in 2021, having been present upstream throughout.
    • DThe river was straightened in 1962 and restored in 2018.The river was straightened in 1962 and restored in 2018.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: Otters returned to the restored stretch in 2021, having been present upstream throughout.Otters returned to the restored stretch in 2021, having been present upstream throughout.

    The upstream population is what stops the return being evidence that the restoration created the habitat rather than that animals moved into it. Reporting the date alone leaves the causal reading standing unchallenged.The upstream population is what stops the return being evidence that the restoration created the habitat rather than that animals moved into it. Reporting the date alone leaves the causal reading standing unchallenged.

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22. 22Rhetorical synthesisStandard

    While writing about a hedgerow survey, a student has taken these notes:•340 km of hedgerow were surveyed.•62 km were classified as species-rich.•Species-rich hedgerows are typically over 400 years old.•The survey took three summers.The student wants to state the survey's main finding. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a hedgerow survey, a student has taken these notes: - 340 km of hedgerow were surveyed. - 62 km were classified as species-rich. - Species-rich hedgerows are typically over 400 years old. - The survey took three summers. The student wants to state the survey's main finding. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • ASixty-two of the 340 km surveyed were species-rich, a category typically over 400 years old.Sixty-two of the 340 km surveyed were species-rich, a category typically over 400 years old.
    • BThe survey covered 340 km of hedgerow over three summers.The survey covered 340 km of hedgerow over three summers.
    • CSpecies-rich hedgerows are typically more than four centuries old.Species-rich hedgerows are typically more than four centuries old.
    • DThe survey took three summers to complete.The survey took three summers to complete.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: Sixty-two of the 340 km surveyed were species-rich, a category typically over 400 years old.Sixty-two of the 340 km surveyed were species-rich, a category typically over 400 years old.

    A finding is what the survey established, stated against the total that gives it scale, with the detail that says why it matters. Duration and method are how the finding was reached rather than what it was.A finding is what the survey established, stated against the total that gives it scale, with the detail that says why it matters. Duration and method are how the finding was reached rather than what it was.

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23. 23Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    Notes: Cartographer Ines Duarte mapped 300 miles of trail between 2015 and 2019. She used a handheld receiver accurate to within ten feet. Earlier trail maps had been drawn from memory. Rescue teams now use her maps. The student wants to emphasize the practical value of Duarte's work. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: Cartographer Ines Duarte mapped 300 miles of trail between 2015 and 2019. She used a handheld receiver accurate to within ten feet. Earlier trail maps had been drawn from memory. Rescue teams now use her maps. The student wants to emphasize the practical value of Duarte's work. Which choice best uses the notes?

    • ABefore Duarte's work, trail maps in the area were drawn from memory.Before Duarte's work, trail maps in the area were drawn from memory.
    • BDuarte carried a handheld receiver while she worked.Duarte carried a handheld receiver while she worked.
    • CBecause Duarte's maps locate the trail to within ten feet, rescue teams now rely on them.Because Duarte's maps locate the trail to within ten feet, rescue teams now rely on them.
    • DDuarte mapped 300 miles of trail between 2015 and 2019.Duarte mapped 300 miles of trail between 2015 and 2019.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: Because Duarte's maps locate the trail to within ten feet, rescue teams now rely on them.Because Duarte's maps locate the trail to within ten feet, rescue teams now rely on them.

    Practical value means a use the work now serves, and only this choice links the accuracy to who depends on it. The others give scale, background, or equipment without stating a use.Practical value means a use the work now serves, and only this choice links the accuracy to who depends on it. The others give scale, background, or equipment without stating a use.

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24. 24Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    Notes: A ferry route reopened in 2023 after 40 years. The crossing takes 25 minutes. By road the same journey takes 90 minutes. Around 300 passengers use it daily. The student wants to emphasize the time the ferry saves. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: A ferry route reopened in 2023 after 40 years. The crossing takes 25 minutes. By road the same journey takes 90 minutes. Around 300 passengers use it daily. The student wants to emphasize the time the ferry saves. Which choice best uses the notes?

    • AThe ferry crosses in 25 minutes, against 90 minutes for the same journey by road.The ferry crosses in 25 minutes, against 90 minutes for the same journey by road.
    • BThe ferry crossing takes 25 minutes.The ferry crossing takes 25 minutes.
    • CAround 300 passengers use the ferry every day.Around 300 passengers use the ferry every day.
    • DThe ferry route reopened in 2023 after a gap of 40 years.The ferry route reopened in 2023 after a gap of 40 years.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: The ferry crosses in 25 minutes, against 90 minutes for the same journey by road.The ferry crosses in 25 minutes, against 90 minutes for the same journey by road.

    A saving is a difference, so both durations must appear. The reopening, the passenger count, and the crossing time alone each state one fact with nothing to measure it against.A saving is a difference, so both durations must appear. The reopening, the passenger count, and the crossing time alone each state one fact with nothing to measure it against.

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25. 25Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    Notes: A weather station opened in 1961. It records temperature hourly. Its records were digitised in 2020. Researchers used them to identify a local warming trend. The student wants to emphasize the research value of the station's records. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: A weather station opened in 1961. It records temperature hourly. Its records were digitised in 2020. Researchers used them to identify a local warming trend. The student wants to emphasize the research value of the station's records. Which choice best uses the notes?

    • AThe station's records were digitised in 2020.The station's records were digitised in 2020.
    • BDigitised in 2020, the station's hourly records since 1961 allowed researchers to identify a local warming trend.Digitised in 2020, the station's hourly records since 1961 allowed researchers to identify a local warming trend.
    • CThe weather station opened in 1961.The weather station opened in 1961.
    • DThe weather station has recorded temperature hourly since it opened in 1961.The weather station has recorded temperature hourly since it opened in 1961.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: Digitised in 2020, the station's hourly records since 1961 allowed researchers to identify a local warming trend.Digitised in 2020, the station's hourly records since 1961 allowed researchers to identify a local warming trend.

    Research value means naming what the records made possible, which only this choice does. The others report the station's age, its method, or the digitisation without saying what any of it produced.Research value means naming what the records made possible, which only this choice does. The others report the station's age, its method, or the digitisation without saying what any of it produced.

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26. 26Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    Notes: A footbridge opened in 2018. It is 90 meters long. Before it opened, the walk between the two villages was 4 kilometers by road. It is now 700 meters. The student wants to emphasize how much shorter the journey has become. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: A footbridge opened in 2018. It is 90 meters long. Before it opened, the walk between the two villages was 4 kilometers by road. It is now 700 meters. The student wants to emphasize how much shorter the journey has become. Which choice best uses the notes?

    • AThe walk between the villages is now 700 meters.The walk between the villages is now 700 meters.
    • BThe bridge cut the walk between the villages from 4 kilometers to 700 meters.The bridge cut the walk between the villages from 4 kilometers to 700 meters.
    • CThe footbridge, which opened in 2018, is 90 meters long.The footbridge, which opened in 2018, is 90 meters long.
    • DBefore 2018 the villages were connected only by road.Before 2018 the villages were connected only by road.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: The bridge cut the walk between the villages from 4 kilometers to 700 meters.The bridge cut the walk between the villages from 4 kilometers to 700 meters.

    A reduction needs both distances. The bridge's own length is a different measurement, and the current distance alone shows no change.A reduction needs both distances. The bridge's own length is a different measurement, and the current distance alone shows no change.

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27. 27Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    Notes: A tram line opened in 2021. It runs 6 kilometers. Before it opened, the same journey took 35 minutes by bus. It now takes 14 minutes. The student wants to emphasize the time saved. Which choice best uses the notes?Notes: A tram line opened in 2021. It runs 6 kilometers. Before it opened, the same journey took 35 minutes by bus. It now takes 14 minutes. The student wants to emphasize the time saved. Which choice best uses the notes?

    • ABefore 2021 the journey was made by bus.Before 2021 the journey was made by bus.
    • BThe tram line, which opened in 2021, runs for 6 kilometers.The tram line, which opened in 2021, runs for 6 kilometers.
    • CThe tram journey takes 14 minutes.The tram journey takes 14 minutes.
    • DThe tram covers in 14 minutes a journey that took 35 by bus.The tram covers in 14 minutes a journey that took 35 by bus.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: The tram covers in 14 minutes a journey that took 35 by bus.The tram covers in 14 minutes a journey that took 35 by bus.

    A saving is a difference, so both durations must appear. Length, the current time alone, and the previous mode each state one fact with nothing to measure it against.A saving is a difference, so both durations must appear. Length, the current time alone, and the previous mode each state one fact with nothing to measure it against.

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28. 28Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    While researching cycling provision, a student has taken these notes:•A survey of 1,500 commuters found 62 percent would cycle if there were separated lanes.•The same survey found 9 percent cycle now.•Separated lanes cost roughly 1.2 million pounds per kilometer.•The city has 40 km of arterial roads.The student wants to present the cost as a qualification on the survey's finding. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While researching cycling provision, a student has taken these notes: - A survey of 1,500 commuters found 62 percent would cycle if there were separated lanes. - The same survey found 9 percent cycle now. - Separated lanes cost roughly 1.2 million pounds per kilometer. - The city has 40 km of arterial roads. The student wants to present the cost as a qualification on the survey's finding. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • ASixty-two percent of commuters say they would cycle if there were separated lanes, up from the 9 percent who cycle now.Sixty-two percent of commuters say they would cycle if there were separated lanes, up from the 9 percent who cycle now.
    • BSeparated lanes cost about 1.2 million pounds per kilometer, and the city has 40 km of arterial roads.Separated lanes cost about 1.2 million pounds per kilometer, and the city has 40 km of arterial roads.
    • CSixty-two percent say they would cycle given separated lanes — a change costing roughly 1.2 million pounds for each of the city's 40 km of arterial roads.Sixty-two percent say they would cycle given separated lanes — a change costing roughly 1.2 million pounds for each of the city's 40 km of arterial roads.
    • DThe city should build separated lanes along all 40 km of its arterial roads.The city should build separated lanes along all 40 km of its arterial roads.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: Sixty-two percent say they would cycle given separated lanes — a change costing roughly 1.2 million pounds for each of the city's 40 km of arterial roads.Sixty-two percent say they would cycle given separated lanes — a change costing roughly 1.2 million pounds for each of the city's 40 km of arterial roads.

    Qualifying a finding means keeping it and attaching the condition, which only one choice does. The first drops the cost, the second drops the finding, and the fourth turns notes into a recommendation the student was not asked to make.Qualifying a finding means keeping it and attaching the condition, which only one choice does. The first drops the cost, the second drops the finding, and the fourth turns notes into a recommendation the student was not asked to make.

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29. 29Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    While writing about a bird survey, a student has taken these notes:•Volunteers counted birds at 340 sites.•All counts were made on one morning in May.•Some species are hard to see but easy to hear.•22 volunteers reported that they could not identify calls.The student wants to note a limitation of the survey. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a bird survey, a student has taken these notes: - Volunteers counted birds at 340 sites. - All counts were made on one morning in May. - Some species are hard to see but easy to hear. - 22 volunteers reported that they could not identify calls. The student wants to note a limitation of the survey. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AVolunteers counted birds at 340 sites on one morning in May.Volunteers counted birds at 340 sites on one morning in May.
    • BThe survey covered 340 sites, which is a large sample.The survey covered 340 sites, which is a large sample.
    • CBecause some species are easier to hear than to see, the 22 volunteers who could not identify calls may have undercounted them.Because some species are easier to hear than to see, the 22 volunteers who could not identify calls may have undercounted them.
    • DTwenty-two volunteers took part in the survey.Twenty-two volunteers took part in the survey.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: Because some species are easier to hear than to see, the 22 volunteers who could not identify calls may have undercounted them.Because some species are easier to hear than to see, the 22 volunteers who could not identify calls may have undercounted them.

    A limitation names something that could have gone wrong and why, and only one choice connects the two relevant notes. The last choice also misreads them: 22 is the number who reported a difficulty, not the number who took part.A limitation names something that could have gone wrong and why, and only one choice connects the two relevant notes. The last choice also misreads them: 22 is the number who reported a difficulty, not the number who took part.

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30. 30Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    While writing about a translated poem, a student has taken these notes:•The poem was written in Persian in the twelfth century.•The best-known English version is Edward FitzGerald's, of 1859.•FitzGerald reorders and combines stanzas the original kept separate.•A literal translation published in 1967 sold poorly.The student wants to raise the question of what a translation is for. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a translated poem, a student has taken these notes: - The poem was written in Persian in the twelfth century. - The best-known English version is Edward FitzGerald's, of 1859. - FitzGerald reorders and combines stanzas the original kept separate. - A literal translation published in 1967 sold poorly. The student wants to raise the question of what a translation is for. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AFitzGerald's 1859 version reorders and combines stanzas the twelfth-century poet wrote separately, and it is the version people read.FitzGerald's 1859 version reorders and combines stanzas the twelfth-century poet wrote separately, and it is the version people read.
    • BThe poem was written in Persian in the twelfth century.The poem was written in Persian in the twelfth century.
    • CA literal translation of the poem appeared in 1967.A literal translation of the poem appeared in 1967.
    • DFitzGerald published his English version in 1859.FitzGerald published his English version in 1859.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: FitzGerald's 1859 version reorders and combines stanzas the twelfth-century poet wrote separately, and it is the version people read.FitzGerald's 1859 version reorders and combines stanzas the twelfth-century poet wrote separately, and it is the version people read.

    Raising a question means putting two facts in tension: the version that departs furthest from the original is the one that found readers. A single date or a single fact leaves nothing for the reader to weigh.Raising a question means putting two facts in tension: the version that departs furthest from the original is the one that found readers. A single date or a single fact leaves nothing for the reader to weigh.

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31. 31Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    While writing about a heritage orchard, a student has taken these notes:•The orchard holds 62 apple varieties.•48 of them are grown commercially nowhere in the country.•The orchard was planted in 1954.•It is maintained by nine volunteers.The student wants to emphasize what would be lost if the orchard closed. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a heritage orchard, a student has taken these notes: - The orchard holds 62 apple varieties. - 48 of them are grown commercially nowhere in the country. - The orchard was planted in 1954. - It is maintained by nine volunteers. The student wants to emphasize what would be lost if the orchard closed. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AThe orchard, planted in 1954, is maintained by nine volunteers.The orchard, planted in 1954, is maintained by nine volunteers.
    • BThe orchard holds 62 apple varieties.The orchard holds 62 apple varieties.
    • COf the orchard's 62 varieties, 48 are grown commercially nowhere else in the country.Of the orchard's 62 varieties, 48 are grown commercially nowhere else in the country.
    • DNine volunteers maintain the orchard.Nine volunteers maintain the orchard.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: Of the orchard's 62 varieties, 48 are grown commercially nowhere else in the country.Of the orchard's 62 varieties, 48 are grown commercially nowhere else in the country.

    What would be lost is what exists nowhere else, so the note about commercial rarity is the one that answers the question. A count of varieties or of volunteers describes the orchard without saying what its disappearance would cost.What would be lost is what exists nowhere else, so the note about commercial rarity is the one that answers the question. A count of varieties or of volunteers describes the orchard without saying what its disappearance would cost.

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32. 32Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    While writing about a wind farm, a student has taken these notes:•The farm has 14 turbines.•It generates enough electricity for about 21,000 homes.•Output varies with wind speed.•On still days it generates nothing.The student wants to qualify the figure of 21,000 homes. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a wind farm, a student has taken these notes: - The farm has 14 turbines. - It generates enough electricity for about 21,000 homes. - Output varies with wind speed. - On still days it generates nothing. The student wants to qualify the figure of 21,000 homes. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AThe farm can supply about 21,000 homes, though output varies with the wind and falls to nothing on still days.The farm can supply about 21,000 homes, though output varies with the wind and falls to nothing on still days.
    • BThe farm's 14 turbines supply about 21,000 homes.The farm's 14 turbines supply about 21,000 homes.
    • COutput from the farm varies with wind speed.Output from the farm varies with wind speed.
    • DThe wind farm has 14 turbines.The wind farm has 14 turbines.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: The farm can supply about 21,000 homes, though output varies with the wind and falls to nothing on still days.The farm can supply about 21,000 homes, though output varies with the wind and falls to nothing on still days.

    Qualifying a figure means keeping it and attaching the condition, which one choice does and the others do not: two drop the condition and one drops the figure.Qualifying a figure means keeping it and attaching the condition, which one choice does and the others do not: two drop the condition and one drops the figure.

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33. 33Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    While writing about a language with few remaining speakers, a student has taken these notes:•Around 40 fluent speakers remain, all over 60.•A dictionary was completed in 2019.•A school program began in 2021 with 90 pupils.•None of the pupils yet uses the language outside lessons.The student wants to present the school program without overstating what it has achieved. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a language with few remaining speakers, a student has taken these notes: - Around 40 fluent speakers remain, all over 60. - A dictionary was completed in 2019. - A school program began in 2021 with 90 pupils. - None of the pupils yet uses the language outside lessons. The student wants to present the school program without overstating what it has achieved. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AA school program begun in 2021 teaches the language to 90 pupils.A school program begun in 2021 teaches the language to 90 pupils.
    • BA school program begun in 2021 now teaches 90 pupils, though none has yet taken the language outside the classroom.A school program begun in 2021 now teaches 90 pupils, though none has yet taken the language outside the classroom.
    • CThe language now has 90 young speakers as well as 40 fluent ones.The language now has 90 young speakers as well as 40 fluent ones.
    • DA dictionary was completed in 2019 and a school program began in 2021.A dictionary was completed in 2019 and a school program began in 2021.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: A school program begun in 2021 now teaches 90 pupils, though none has yet taken the language outside the classroom.A school program begun in 2021 now teaches 90 pupils, though none has yet taken the language outside the classroom.

    Not overstating means carrying the limit in the same sentence as the achievement. Calling the pupils speakers is the overstatement the notes explicitly rule out: pupils in lessons are not yet speakers.Not overstating means carrying the limit in the same sentence as the achievement. Calling the pupils speakers is the overstatement the notes explicitly rule out: pupils in lessons are not yet speakers.

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34. 34Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    While writing about a bird count, a student has taken these notes:•The count records 220 species in the county.•40 of those were recorded once only, by a single observer.•The county list before 1990 held 180 species.•Observer numbers have risen from 30 to 400 since 1990.The student wants to caution against reading the rise from 180 to 220 as a rise in bird diversity. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a bird count, a student has taken these notes: - The count records 220 species in the county. - 40 of those were recorded once only, by a single observer. - The county list before 1990 held 180 species. - Observer numbers have risen from 30 to 400 since 1990. The student wants to caution against reading the rise from 180 to 220 as a rise in bird diversity. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • AThe county list has grown from 180 species to 220 since 1990.The county list has grown from 180 species to 220 since 1990.
    • BThe list grew from 180 to 220 as observers rose from 30 to 400, and 40 of the species were seen once, by one person.The list grew from 180 to 220 as observers rose from 30 to 400, and 40 of the species were seen once, by one person.
    • CObserver numbers have risen from 30 to 400 since 1990.Observer numbers have risen from 30 to 400 since 1990.
    • DForty of the county's species have been recorded only once.Forty of the county's species have been recorded only once.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: The list grew from 180 to 220 as observers rose from 30 to 400, and 40 of the species were seen once, by one person.The list grew from 180 to 220 as observers rose from 30 to 400, and 40 of the species were seen once, by one person.

    The caution is that more looking finds more species, so the sentence has to put the growth beside the effort and the thin evidence for the additions. Each other choice gives one piece and leaves the inference standing.The caution is that more looking finds more species, so the sentence has to put the growth beside the effort and the thin evidence for the additions. Each other choice gives one piece and leaves the inference standing.

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35. 35Rhetorical synthesisChallenge

    While writing about a night bus, a student has taken these notes:•The service runs hourly between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m.•It replaced a service that ran every 30 minutes until 1 a.m.•Total nightly passengers have fallen by 12 percent.•Passengers traveling after 1 a.m. have risen from 40 to 260.The student wants to show that the headline fall conceals a change in who is served. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?While writing about a night bus, a student has taken these notes: - The service runs hourly between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. - It replaced a service that ran every 30 minutes until 1 a.m. - Total nightly passengers have fallen by 12 percent. - Passengers traveling after 1 a.m. have risen from 40 to 260. The student wants to show that the headline fall conceals a change in who is served. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

    • ANightly passenger numbers on the route have fallen by 12 percent.Nightly passenger numbers on the route have fallen by 12 percent.
    • BOverall numbers are down 12 percent, while passengers traveling after 1 a.m. have gone from 40 to 260.Overall numbers are down 12 percent, while passengers traveling after 1 a.m. have gone from 40 to 260.
    • CThe service now runs hourly rather than every 30 minutes.The service now runs hourly rather than every 30 minutes.
    • DThe old service stopped running at 1 a.m.The old service stopped running at 1 a.m.
    Show the answer and explanationHide the explanation

    Answer: Overall numbers are down 12 percent, while passengers traveling after 1 a.m. have gone from 40 to 260.Overall numbers are down 12 percent, while passengers traveling after 1 a.m. have gone from 40 to 260.

    A headline that conceals something needs both the headline and the thing concealed. The total and the late-night figure move in opposite directions, and only one choice puts them side by side.A headline that conceals something needs both the headline and the thing concealed. The total and the late-night figure move in opposite directions, and only one choice puts them side by side.

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